How does Arthur Miller make passions and desires so memorable Essay

Given that Eddie Carbone only ever explicitly expresses his passions and desires once in the play, how does Arthur Miller make them so memorable? Much of Arthur Miller’s play A View from the Bridge works to create the impression that Eddie Carbone is disgusted by Rodolpho’s effeminate appearance and supposed homosexuality. He uses this as an argument against Rodolpho’s suitability as a husband for Catherine. When Eddie’s own homosexual desires are revealed, then, they strike us as completely antithetical to these sentiments. It is this irresolvable and perplexing contradiction that makes his repressed homosexuality, rather than his incestuous desire for Catherine, so memorable for the audience. Eddie lives in a community where intolerance greets any man who does not conform to the most parochial definition of masculinity, an intolerance that Miller clearly articulates through the minor characters Mike and Louis. While Mike and Louis reverently point out Marco’s physical strength when working at the docks, Rodolpho, â€Å"that blond one,† is instead said to have â€Å"a sense of humour.† This remark isn’t obviously pejorative, but Mike and Louis â€Å"grin,† â€Å"snicker,† and become â€Å"hysterical† as they voice it. The discrepancy between their speech and behaviour points to an underlying and unspoken insinuation. Of course, â€Å"a sense of humour† is a stand-in for what they see as Rodolpho’s difference compared to Marco. Marco conforms to their definition of masculinity: he is physically strong, and works quietly and diligently. Rodolpho does not, and they mock this difference, revealing their intolerance . Eddie is similarly appalled by what he sees as Rodolpho’s effeminate appearance, giving voice to both this and his belief that Rodolpho is a homosexual in his conversation with Beatrice. Eddie remarks on Rodolpho’s â€Å"wacky hair,† declaring he’s â€Å"like a chorus girl or sump’m.† Similar to Mike and Louis, Eddie calls attention to Rodolpho’s hair, implying that Rodolpho bleaches it. According to Eddie, a preoccupation with his appearance is a strictly feminine trait and therefore casts doubt over his masculinity. The simile that compares Rodolpho to a â€Å"chorus girl† makes this all the more clear. The intolerance and resentment this provokes in Eddie is revealed through Eddie’s reference to Rodolpho as â€Å"that† and the assertion that he’s â€Å"like a weird.† By â€Å"weird,† Eddie means homosexual. Eddie uses Rodolpho’s alleged femininity and homosexuality to argue against his suitability as Catherine’s husband. Seeking legal counsel from Alfieri, Eddie claims that Rodolpho â€Å"ain’t right.† Again he calls attention to Rodolpho’s â€Å"platinum blond† hair, as well as the â€Å"high† notes he hits when he sings. The thought of such an effeminate man with Catherine seems to deeply disturb him as he admits that â€Å"when I think of that guy layin’ his hands on her I could – I mean it’s eatin’ me out.† Eddie struggles for words, his incomplete and incoherent sentences revealing his intense anger. He’s disgusted by the idea of an effeminate homosexual touching the niece he says he seeks to protect. Given Eddie’s sentiments, how, then, are we to respond to him kissing Rodolpho? The kiss is deeply unsettling because it is so antithetical to everything Eddie has said and done leading up to it. Miller’s stage directions vividly call to mind the moment when Eddie kisses Rodolpho: â€Å"Eddie pins his arms, laughing, and suddenly kisses him.† The use of the verb â€Å"pins† underscores the violence and brutality of this sexual act. It’s likely that the ferocity of this expression of homosexual desire corresponds with the ferocity of Eddie’s suppression of that desire leading up to this moment. Furthermore, his â€Å"laughing† suggests a frantic sense of relief. The aggressive expression of homosexual desire is incompatible with every impression we might have formed about Eddie before this moment, and we are left struggling to reconcile these two wildly disparate sides of his character. In summation, the homosexual passions and desires of Eddie Carbone are an astonishing revelation in Miller’s play, making them both unfathomable and memorable. Their eventual and painful expression leaves us wondering how well we know Eddie, despite having formed what appeared to be an accurate impression of him. It encourages us to consider more generally the extent to which any person’s true nature is knowable when we can only observe them from the outside.

Zuma Project

For Part B of the MS Project Assignment, complete the Zuma Project – Parts 3, 4, 5 and 6 described at the end of your textbook (pp. 630-634). Answer the questions, following the directions below, and submit your MS Project files in the dropbox. Use the following coding for your filenames – start with your initials, such as XYEM660ZumaP3. mpp. Submit answers to the questions as an MS Word file, with a file name starting with your initials, such as XYEM660ZumaPB. doc. Also save your work to disk as a backup record.Note: Additional tutorials with video files on how to work with MS Project are given in the Student CD that came with your textbook and are also on the publisher’s website. Worth watching! Part 3 (20 pts. ) 3. 0 Top management is not happy with the resource-constrained schedule generated at the end of Part 2. Robin Lane, the president, has promised retailers that production of the new scooters would start on February 1, 2009. Answer the questions below in a word file document with a name starting with your initials, such as XYEM660ZumaPB. doc: 3. 0. 1. Q#1) What options are available to meet this new deadline if the project is not resource constrained? (1 pt. ) If the project is not resource constrained, then the finish date of the project will be 12/22/2008, Since the project duration is 250 days from 1/2/08. It would meet the promised 2/1/2009 deadline. 3. 0. 2. (Q#2) What options are available to meet this new deadline if the project is resource constrained? (1 pt. ) If the project is resource constrained, then the finish date will be 2/18/09, since there was an additional 40 days added to the project duration.Additional personnel should be added in order to meet the desired new deadline. 3. 1   Dewey Martin, director of product development, has managed to make the following personnel available to work on specific activities on the project. Since there is an acute shortage of personnel at ARC he requests that you only use addit ional manpower that will help meet the new deadline. Your objective is to develop a schedule which will satisfy the deadline with minimum additional resource usage. The available personnel and impact on activity duration are presented in Table A2. . 3. 1. 1   Based upon your Part 2 MS Project file, XYEM660ZumaP2. mpp, assign additional personnel as needed to complete the project before Feb. 1, 2009, but minimize the cost. 3. 1. 2   Develop a schedule that meets the time and resource allocation constraints. [You cannot go back and re-level resources. These new resources are only available for the stated specific tasks according to the schedule created at the end of Part 2. ] 3. 1. 3   Save and submit your MS Project file with a filename starting with your initials, such as XY EM660ZumaP3. mpp. (12 pts. ) 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Answer the questions below in your project word file, XYEM660ZumaPB. doc: 3. 2. 1 (Q#3) What is the new project complete date after assigning additional per sonnel? (1 pt. ) After additional personnel were added, the new project duration is 281. 67 days. 3. 2. 2   (Q#4) Which additional personnel assignments would you choose to complete the project before February 1st deadline at the cheapest cost? (Q#5) Explain your choices. Also, (Q#6) explain the reasons for not choosing specific options. (3 pts. ) 3. 2. 3  Ã‚   (Q#7) How have these changes affected the sensitivity of the network? 1 pt. ) 3. 2. 4 (Q#8) What is the amount range for the slack on non-critical activities? (1 pt. ) Part 4 (13 pts. ) 4. 0 Robin Lane and top management have approved the schedule generated at the end of Part 3. Save the file containing this schedule as a baseline schedule starting with your initials as XYEM660ZumaP4. mpp. (5 pts. ) 4. 1 Answer the questions below in your project word file, XYEM660ZumaPB. doc: 4. 1. 1. (Q#1) How much is the project estimated to cost? (1 pt. ) 4. 1. 2. (Q#2) What activity is estimated to cost the most to complete? (1 pt. ) 4. 1. 3. Q#3) What resource commands the greatest total cost? (1 pt. ) 4. 1. 4. (Q#4) During which month of the project are the highest and lowest costs expected to occur? What are those costs? (1 pt. ) 4. 1. 5. (Q#5) What likely costs are not contained in this budget? Include a table containing the estimated costs for each activity and a cash flow schedule for each month of the project. (4 pts. ) Part 5 (14 pts. ) 5. 0 Today’s date is August 16, 2008. Table A2. 8 summarizes the information regarding activities accomplished to date. Robin Lane has requested a written status report for the Blue Zuma project.Enter August 15 as the status report date since you are preparing your report on the 16th. Save your project file as XYEM660ZumaP5. mpp (5 pts. ) 5. 1. Your status report should include a table containing the PV, EV, AC, BAC, EAC, SV, CV, and CPI for each activity and the whole project. The report (see example report on p. 474) should also address the following questions. Save your report as XYEM660ZumaReport. doc (8 pts. ) a. How is the project progressing in terms of cost and schedule? (1 pt. ) b. What activities have gone well? What activities have not gone well? 1 pt. ) c. What do the PCIB and PCIC indicate in terms of how much of the project has been accomplished to date? (1 pt. ) d. What is the forecasted cost at completion (EACf)? (1 pt. ) What is the predicted VACf? (1 pt. ) e. Report and interpret the TCPI for the project at this point in time. (1 pt. ) f. What is the estimated date of completion? (1 pt. ) g. How well is the project doing in terms of its priorities? (1 pt. ) Try to present the above information in a form worthy of consideration by top management. Include a tracking Gantt chart with your report. 5. 2.While preparing your report you receive a phone call from Jim Keltner, a fellow project manager. He is calling to see if one of the industrial engineers assigned to your project would be available to work on his project from Augu st 22 to 27, 2008. What would you tell him? Save your file as XYEM660ZumaPB. doc. (1 pt. ) Part 6 (19 pts. ) 6. 0   Robin Lane has authorized using Management Reserves to expedite the shipping of components at an additional cost of $50,000. She has asked you to update completion and cost estimates for the Blue Zuma project. Table A2. 9 presents the revised estimates generated by the Blue Zuma project team.Save and submit your MS Project file with a filename starting with your initials, such as XYEM660ZumaP6. mpp. (12 pts. ) 6. 1   Based on the new information, answer the questions below in your project word file, XYEM660ZumaPB. doc (7 pts. ): 6. 1. 1   (Q#16) When will the project be completed? (Q#17) How does this compare with the baseline completion date? (2 pts. ) 6. 1. 2   (Q#18) What is the new estimated cost at completion (EAC)? (Q#19) What is the new VAC? (Q#20) How does this compare with VAC based on the FAC generated in Part 5? (Q#21) Which of the two VACs would you have the greatest confidence in and (Q#22)why? (5 pts. ) Related article: Conveyor Belt Project

Pushing Paper Can Be Fun Essay

A large city government was putting on a number of seminars for managers of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic discussed was motivation—how to motivate public servants to do a good job. The plight of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion: I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced rookies, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies. The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor. I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch, and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t- it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it. Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their careers the arrests and interventions are what get noticed. Some people have suggested a number of things, like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair—too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paper work doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the officers caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why they should bust a  gut when there was no payoff. I just don’t know what to do.

PGCE Mathematics; Made to Measure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

PGCE Mathematics; Made to Measure - Essay Example However, with time, research and unbiased techniques of teaching, girls perform just as well, if not better, than boys’ performance in the traditionally boy-oriented subjects. My focus in this report is avoiding the findings of the Ofsted report of 2012 of the increase in the number of underachievers with age, considering my current age group of students between 5-8 years. Following the concept of mathematics as a science, there has been a tendency of students avoiding the subject. However, recent trends have suggested an increase in the number of students studying the subject. The reasons behind the growing interest in mathematics are the topic of discussion in this study with a particular interest being in the GCE and A level mathematics. The roles played by the teacher, student, and government influencing the rapid mathematics students’ numbers are subject to observation (Hill, Rowan, & Ball 2005: 379). The participation of students does not automatically translate in the grades in school, but it has been noted that the younger students perform better compared to the elder students. Economic, social, political, environmental, as well as self-oriented variables, determine the popularity of mathematics in the UK, as with other regions of the world (Askew, Brown, Rhodes, Wiliam, & Johnson 1997: 2). The uptake in the students taking mathematics has not had its challenges. Students who take up mathematics as a newfound interest do not necessary mean they excel in the study. Effective teaching of students has to account for the indifference between students, especially in the case of scholarly abilities. Types of students, categorically underachievers, average achievers, and overachievers need different teaching techniques with respect to effective lesson planning (Ofsted 2008: 8). Most practises where the teacher assumes the majority of students in the class determine a teaching strategy. Assuming that an

The Decades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Decades - Essay Example Teen Angel was released in 1963 and reached 1st position on American Billboard category of popular music. Undeniably, there are other songs from the 60s that climbed to 1st position and remained popular throughout the decade. However, I feel that Mark’s song exemplified the mood prevailing during that time. Sixties was a time of children by baby boomers. After the 2nd World War, the number of families made of young couples increased. In the 60s, most children of the previously young couples were at their teenage periods (Broadus and Browne, 17). In this case, Teen Angel by Mark Dinning exemplifies an atmosphere filled with high school moods and teenage love affairs. In 1971, Indian Reservation reached 1st position in the U.S Billboard charts and remained within the top 10 category for succeeding two years. The Raiders took the nation wild with concrete lyrics and rhythmic characteristics of the song. Indian Reservation exemplifies the 70s social atmosphere filled with civil rights struggles from minority groups (Smith, 44). The Native Indian population in America was an example of minorities who experienced uncomfortable neglect and negative influence from the mainstream cultures. Therefore, the Raiders spawned the music environment with messages of cultural preservation in the song. Eighties was a decade characterized by increased diversity in musical genres. During the period, alternative rock and soul music rose to popularity. Contextually, Richard Marx released Endless Summer Nights, a song that became popular until the end of 1980s. In his song, Richard recalls of the endless summer nights he previously had with his woman. 1980s was a period when civil rights had improved and social, economic and political environments were favorable for most Americans (Lee, 38). This was the time filled with nostalgic feelings and songs that recalled of the past became popular. Unlike the 80s whose

Social Network Sites Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social Network Sites - Assignment Example   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A social networking site can be defined as an online service  that is based around the building and reflecting of social relations among individuals with common interests or social ties (Boyd & Ellison, 2007)† (Social Networking Sites; More Harm than Good? 2011). These sites also offer the wealthy basis of naturalistic behavioral information. Linkage and profile data from these sites can be assembled either in the course of the use of automated gathering techniques, or in the course of datasets offered directly from the organization, facilitating network investigation, investigators, to explore significant patterns of practice, friending, and various types of other noticeable indicators and ongoing an investigation trend that commence with the examinations of websites and various other blogs. Figure 1. Timeline of the launch dates of many major SNSs and dates when community sites re-launched with SNS features† (Boyd & Ellison n.d., p. 6). All these social net working sites differ slightly but one of the main features is that all of them facilitate the user of the sites to generate a profile in the website to symbolize themselves, and permits users to interact through messages, emails and various types of communication channels in the sites. The popularity and development of these sites over the past 5 years have been huge, as numerous populaces from all over the earth join up to these kinds of social networking phenomenon for diverse reasons. Social networks sites help ease of recognize the theft and helps to bring to light the various privacy issues, in addition to a decrease in face to face communication skills and confidence level. As social networking sites turn out to be more popular by the day, the increases of various negative social results inside our humanity are also extremely great. These types of sites also have an enormous negative and harmful impact on our social and mental health and continue to be so in the future too. It is also at the present evident presently that all the sites facilitate all these harms that will adversely affect the overall living style and working atmosphere of the people. So it is unquestionably true that all those social networking sites lead human beings to harm than good. Workplace Interference: Social networking sites can have various types of negative impact in the place of work, for employers, workers, and future workers. They create interruption, decrease efficiency, cost organizations money, jeopardize the reputation of the organizations, and also cause legal liability. If each worker in a 50-strong labor force spends 30 minutes on various social networking site daily, that would work out to a loss of almost 6,500 hours of output in one year.  

Internet and related web technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet and related web technologies - Essay Example Basically, the Internet refers to a huge network of networks in which millions of computers and devices are connected to each other via cables or some other medium. Hence, the internet is surely a huge hardware mixture of millions of business, personal and governmental devices and computers, in which all linked like highways and roads. At the present, the internet has turned out to be a significant part of people’s lives. In addition, the Internet is not the ownership of a single person and even there is not a single organization or government that runs it. However, they can pose some technical rules and hardware/software standards regarding how people plug into the Internet. As compared to the Internet, the World Wide Web is the huge collection of digital pages. In other words, this huge and significant software component of the Internet is responsible for distributing data, information and content in the form of HTML pages. In addition, these web pages and information are ac cessed and viewed by using free software known as web browsers (Gil, 2013). The DNS and Directories As discussed above, the data and information on the Internet can be accessed through web sites and these web sites use proper names, which are known as domain. In addition, on the internet each domain name is identified as IP (internet protocol) address. In view of the fact that these IP addresses are difficult to remember so they can be replaced with some of the well-known and user friendly terms such as www.google.com, on the other hand the IP address of this domain could be different in the database such as 32.34.43.23. Basically, the Domain Name System (DNS) is an Internet directory service that is used by the Internet to convert or translate user-friendly web site names into the mathematical format such as IP addresses which are used by the computers for communication over the Internet. In this scenario, a large number of systems (computers and other devices) on the Internet get together to offer this directory service. Moreover, these directories allow people to connect to computers by making use of names instead of numbers. Furthermore, DNS also allows computers and other devices to web addresses and handle email (Shelly, Cashman, Vermaat, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2004; UCAR, 2009). Navigational Tools and Search Engines Basically, the navigational tools are software applications that are used to navigate a web site. In this scenario, there are a large number of navigational tools which allow us to access data and information from the Internet. For instance, Microsoft Internet Explorer and Google Chrome are two of the well-known navigational tools. On the other hand, a web search engine is a software system that is developed with the purpose of searching for the desired data, information (videos or any content) on the World Wide Web. In this scenario, the results that appear in response to a search query are normally provided in a line of results which are know n as search engine results pages (SERPs). In addition, the results of a search query can contain anything such as information, pictures and other types of files. Some of the well-known search engines are Google, MSN, and Yahoo (Wikipedia, 2013). Intranets and Extranets The intranet is a kind of network that can be used within an organization. This network cannot be accessed by the people outside of the

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Research Paper

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - Research Paper Example Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 2010 will go down in history as a major health care reform bill that has been signed into law. It has a comprehensive coverage that would see 31 million Americans currently uninsured getting a medical cover. If this new proposal, the government will incur approximately $848 billion over the next 10 years, consequently, there will be a gradual increase in taxes and revenue is proposed to reduce the total cost of this cover by $131 billion within the same period (Eaton 2010). The proposed reform aims at achieving a number of strategic healthcare goals. Firstly, it aims at ensuring that every US citizen can access, quality and affordable health care. In essence, this is an important component of the entire reform agenda. In light of the increasing burden of increasing burden of disease and skyrocketing prices of health care services, the government undertook this deliberate strategy to ensure that there is universal health care insurance cover age. Today, the majority of US citizens continues to battle with out-of-pocket financing, which is prohibitively expensive (Junior 2010). Secondly, it aims at improving quality and efficiency of healthcare by establishing a vibrant health care workforce that would meet the growing demand for healthcare services. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence showing an increase in the burden of chronic diseases, this proposed health care financing in its full implementation will see the middle and elderly persons receive a comprehensive cover that focuses on affordable health care services for chronic diseases. United States (2010) states that the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has determined that the fully paid patient protection  scheme, in the end, will ensure that more than 94% of Americans will be covered within $900 billion limits set by President Obama.  

Assignemt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignemt - Essay Example The major challenge affecting prognosis, however, has been on the imaging of partial tears. Oblique imaging planes, including oblique axial, oblique coronal and oblique sagittal, would improve on the accuracy of diagnosis and detection of any partial tears in the ACL. It would also aid in assessing individual bundle tears. This approach has been noted to be more useful than the standard MRI in cases where ACL tear is anticipated. The protocol could also benefit from 3D sequences such as the 3D-DESS, known to be isotropic acquisition having the potential of reducing partial volume averaging through acquisition of thin and continuous slices from the joints. Additionally, this could be used to come up with multiplanar reformat images, MPR, which would make the evaluation of ACL possible from any orientation or oblique planes through a single acquisition. This creation of the MPR could be sourced as part of PACS system or through dependent workstations. The MPR images in this context would be useful for acquisition of the oblique planes, including the oblique axial, coronal and sagittal, to better assess the ACL tears. Finally, the 3D-DEES sequences play a crucial role of enhancing the image’s T2* weighting and also increases synovial fluid and cartilage signal intensities. This 3D-DEES technique is beneficial in the sense that it provides moderate accuracy with regards to early cartilage delineation and high accuracy when detecting advanced cartilage lesions. As such, this sequence can only be employed when dealing with cartilage structures. Replacing this ACL imaging sequence with subtraction-DESS technique would result in its optimisation. The MRI technology has been beneficial in supporting chronic and acute ligament injuries diagnosis and, even more importantly, in assessing problems that arise after the reconstruction of ligament. Even so, the short T2-relaxation time associated with tendon tissue (4), the standard MRI having echo times, TE,

The confidence of saudi consumer in the seasonal sale of the Literature review

The confidence of saudi consumer in the seasonal sale of the international brands - Literature review Example Secondary research was chosen as the method of research for this study. This involves using qualitative and quantitative data that has been gathered by other individuals for different purposes. This will be collected through examining the literature surrounding Saudi consumers, international brands and seasonal sales in detail, collating the information and using statistical analysis to look for patterns and trends. There are a number of advantages to secondary research. Firstly, it is cheaper and less time consuming than primary research. This is because the information has already been collected, it is a matter of finding, collating, interpreting and analysing it. Because of this, a larger data set can be examined than is able to be through primary research. Secondary, sometimes secondary research can give more accurate data than can be obtained through primary research. This is because a large amount of data is being collated, which gives a clearer picture than little data, and there may be government surveys or censuses that reach a large number of people that can be taken advantage of. However, it is important to take the original source and context of the data into account wherever possible to prevent accuracy being compromised. The disadvantages of secondary research are that the questions asked in the original research may not correspond to the questions that are being asked through secondary research.... dary research are that the questions asked in the original research may not correspond to the questions that are being asked through secondary research. This can make the results not relevant for the current question, or biased towards one particular part of the population. This problem is amplified by the fact that the context of the primary data is sometimes unavailable. This study has attempted to avoid this problem by incorporating data from a wide range of different sources, aiming for sufficient replication to avoid any bias from one or a few studies. One primary method of research that could be used for this study would be the questionnaires to directly determine the opinions of the consumer population. Questionnaires are a good method of primary data gathering, as they enable sampling of a wide range of people and do not intrude on the population . For this study in particular, there was difficulty obtaining permission to conduct either internet based, or mail based surveys o f the consumer population of Saudi Arabia, and there was concerns that not all of the survey responses would be legitimate, as the culture of Saudi Arabia is very private and the country has strict religious rules . For this reason, and the advantages cited above, secondary research was chosen as the method of data collection for this study. Finding Secondary Sources Once the focus of study and the questions being asked has been determined, the next step in secondary research is to find and collate data. A large amount of data is needed, and generally speaking, the more data is analysed, the more realistic the results will be. For this study secondary sources will be found primarily through the use of internet based search engines, primarily focusing on peer-reviewed items, as these are on

Monsanto Issue in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monsanto Issue in Europe - Essay Example This article will also discuss the global effects of the use of Monsanto products on humans, other organisms, and the environment. It will also give us some of the precautions that users of Monsanto products should consider before consuming the modified foods. The agricultural modified products in Europe banned due to claims of poisoning individuals. Due to the harmful factors associated with GMOs, Europe has involved its funds in fighting against the spread of such variety in its locality. It has only approved two varieties of GMOs to trade in their states. Varieties of corn and potato are licensed for trade (Wesley, Spital, and Lane 2002, p.3). Due to pressure from anti- GMOs, the government renews its contracts with the Monsanto Company every year to ensure that products introduced in the market are legal. The restrictions on trade of modified varieties hence need to remove such restrictions for the need for agricultural produce got sustain the increasing populations. To increase the market knowledge about the existence of these foods, the Monsanto group can make use of new marketing strategies, which are more likely to be efficient when compared to the old methods of advertising. Some of the new methods may involve active participation of the consumer and the government. The use of the social sites like internet pages may help establish a greater connectivity with the constituents in the market and hence increase the trust by the consumers. Other methods may involve giving samples to customers and giving reward to its consumers. Consumers also need to get approval from the authorities showing how efficient the products may be and assuring its natives of secure commodities. The consumer attitude towards this foods results to the need for the government to protect its citizens from harmful products that may endanger their lives.

Granting Finance and Non-Fund Based Limits Essay Example for Free

Granting Finance and Non-Fund Based Limits Essay For the purpose of granting finance, banks are lending by way of fund based limits as well as non fund based limits. The following are treated as fund based limits: a) Lock and key type – against of pledge of goods; b) Open factory type pledge or open key advance – against hypothecation of goods; c) Advance against hypothecation of goods; d) Advance against book debts; e) Advance against bills. The following are considered as non fund based limits granted by the banks to the public: Letter of credit and bank guarantees: Banks normally undertake a proper appraisal of the financial standing and requirement of the customer for non fund based facilities as in the case of fund based ones. This is because though the bank in the case of non funded facility, commits itself to pay only in the event of non-payment by or non performance of the customer, the possibility of the given non-funded credit facility resolving into real or funded credit facility on the customers default or non performance cannot be ruled out. Letter of credit: A letter of credit is a written undertaking given by a bank on behalf of its customer who is a buyer, to the supplied, promising to pay a certain sum of money provided the supplier complies with the terms and conditions embodied in the letter of credit. A letter of credit is required where the supplier of goods and services deals with unknown parties or otherwise feels the need to safeguard his interest. In such circumstances he stipulates in his sales contract with the buyer that the goods will be supplied and payment made only under a banks letter of credit. Under a banks letter of credit a conditional commitment to make the payment is made by the bank which gives an assurance to the supplier that he will receive the necessary payment provided he does what the buyer requires him to do, within the time period specified in that regard. Whereas in the case of fund based limits, the banks deal with goods, in the case of letter of credits, they deal with documents and not in goods and the transactions are executed only on the basis of the documents. The letter of credit is an autonomous transaction quite distinct from the sale and purchase on which it may be based. The bank issuing the letter of credit has to make up its mind within a reasonable time on receipt of the documents whether to accept or reject them. Normally the letter of credits issued the banks are governed by the Uniform customs and practice for documentary credits of the International Chamber of Commerce situated at Paris. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/finance-homework-help/

The Literature In English Component

The Literature In English Component CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1Introduction It has been 9 years since the literature in English component was first introduced by the Ministry of Education and to be included in English subject syllabus for Secondary school. In parallel to the Ministry vision in producing excellent students who can compete globally in the future, Literature in English for both Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Schools aim to inclusively facilitate secondary students to improve and strengthen their proficiency in the English Language. Through the literature in English component also, it allows the students to learn many things from many perspectives by studying other cultures and world views. Literature in English also gives the students more opportunities to be more appreciative towards the esthetics of the English language and towards Literature masterpieces as well. Besides, the learning of literature will help to impart values beneficial to students personal growth, development and character. However, throughout the 9 years of implementation of the Literature component in secondary school, numerous studies have been done and have revealed some facts regarding students interest towards the literature in English component in the secondary school. Most of Malaysian students give negative responses to the learning of literature in English in classroom especially at the early period when it was first introduced. Indeed, most of the researches have done some researches on how to enhance the learning of literature in English among the students due to the fact that Malaysian students have lack of interest in learning literature in English. There are varieties of factors that contribute to students interest in Literature. However this research will look deeply into the three main causes that affecting students interest in learning literature in English and on how strong the causes really affects the students. The three factors are the students exposure towards the target language and the level of proficiency, the content of the literature component itself, and the activities done in the classroom. In fact, these three main factors are always being discussed as the reasons that influence students interest in learning literature in English. The language spoken at home might influence the students interest towards the learning of literature in English differently. Students are coming from different family background that has different experience communicating in English at home. If the parents are good in mastering the English language and always communicate with the children in English, it might encourage the students to read the literature in English texts. However, if the students have lack of exposure towards English language, it might also demotivate them to read the literature in English texts since they are hardly understand them. Another main challenge for the students to learn literature in English is caused by the selection of texts itself. Students might have lack of interest in Literature because of the text (short story, poem and novel) are boring and inappropriate for them. If the students are unfamiliar with the plot and the settings of the story, they will have difficulty to understand it and lead to the lack of interest to learn it. Furthermore, the major problem regarding students learning in literature is students encounter language difficulties that does not match their language ability. Even teachers cannot agree on the type of texts that should be taught although they generally agree that the texts should promote intellectual development, independent thinking, are interesting to adolescents and meet certain cultural and aesthetic standards (Agee, 1998). Thus, the selection of the texts should be analysed and studied again whether they are appropriate or not. Literature component in English has been implemented in Malaysian curriculum starting from the year 2001. Since then, the students in secondary school have learnt a lot of poems, short stories and even novels as the items of learning literature. Table 1.1 shows the items that learned by lower secondary schools students in Malaysia. Table 1.1: Curriculum specifications for literature in KBSM English program for lower secondary students. Form Title Author Genre 1 Life's Brief Candle William Shakespeare Poem The Dead crow A.Samad Said Poem The Lake Isle of Innisfree W.B Yeats Poem The Pencil Ali Majod Short Story How Dalat Got Its Name Heidi Munan Short Story Of Bunga Telur and Bally Shoes Che Husna Azhari Short Story 2 Rubinson Crusoe Danie Defoe Novel Potato People Angela Wright Novel Phantom of the opera Gaston Leroux Novel 3 The Prisoner of Zenda Antony Hope Novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde R.L.Stevenson Novel Teachers creativity in teaching Literature is also one of the most important features to capture students interest. Since literature is still considered new to Malaysian education system, the main problem for both teachers and students is to have various interesting activities to be applied in the classroom to teach literature. Most of the activities in literature classroom focus on the comprehension of the text by reading the text and answering the comprehension questions provided by the teachers and from the work books. In the discussion forum as stated in the Malaysian English Language Teaching Association (MELTA) web, www.melta.org.com, teachers are advised to provide the students with various creative activities in classroom to teach literature and to generate students interest in learning literature. Thus, teachers role is to search for new ideas, practicality and do experiments in literature through the reading from activities book or through the internet. Creative activities are used to enhance students understanding of literary texts and to attract their attention and interest in reading and learning literature. Creative approaches like role play and dramatization or even games are created to improve the dull traditional method of teaching literature, which only focus on close reading and explanation of literary texts. Students interests need to be capture before they can fully appreciate the beauty of the literature. (MELTA forum). 1.2 Statement of Problem The literature in English component has been implemented as part of KBSM English syllabus for about 9 years since it was first introduced in year 2001. However, through my experience and observations show that the students have a lack of interest towards the learning of literature and they fail to appreciate or understand of what literature is. Thus, it is vital to understand the factors that influence the students interest to learn literature in English in order for all to solve the problem. Since English is considered as the second language in Malaysia. Thus, the students level of proficiency in the language is varying to each other. Some students are given much exposure to the target language at home and some are even never utter any English word at home. However, interest is an subjective issue because it does not mean that if the students are good in English language that they are interested to learn literature in English more than the students who are not very proficient in English language. However, at the same time one of the underlying issue in the implementation of the literature in English component is that most of the students feel that the literature texts offered in the English language Syllabus are inappropriate, unchallenging and even boring. In fact, the topic of literature text has been discussed and debated since it was first introduced until the present time. The main issue is to revise the use of the current text and it has been supported by the students, parents and teachers. Some people think that the texts are beyond the students level of proficiency to understand it and the themes discussed are also very dull. On the other hand, some argue that the texts cover a wide range of works dealing with different themes and appropriate for the students to learn. As stated in MELTA forum website, one of the members in the forum who is only known as tpriya_1717 wrote that the important aspect that should be given greater emphasis would be the effectiveness of teachers in utilizing the texts in the teaching and learning process in classrooms. From her opinion, it gives a picture that the teachers should be more creative to involve students with lots of interesting and enjoyable activities to boost the students interest while learning literature in the classroom. Unfortunately, since our education system tends to be more to exam-oriented, most of the teachers teach literature with the purpose to pass the students in the examination and neglecting the main reason of learning literature which is to understand and appreciate literature. Thus this research aims to find the answer whether all the factors mentioned above influence the students interest in learning literature in English positively or negatively. Furthermore, the research also will investigate which factor is having greatest influence to the students interest to learn literature in English. 1.3 Objectives of Research The purposes of this research are to: 1) Investigate the influence of students level of proficiency in English language towards their interest in the learning of literature in English. 2) Examine whether the contents of the literature component in Malaysian curriculum for lower secondary students are appropriate and suitable for the students and whether the contents are able to generate the students interest to learn literature in English. 3) Study students preferences of activities applied in the classroom by the teachers during the literature lesson. 1.4 Research Questions The research questions for the research to find out are as below. 1) How does the students level of proficiency in English language influence students interest to read the literature in English texts? 2) What are the students perceptions towards the current literature in English component texts? 3) Which types of activities in the classroom are more interesting to the students in the learning of literature in English? 1.5Definitions of Terms 1) Factor: One that actively contributes to an accomplishment, result, or process. Context of study: The factors are the causes or the reasons that contribute to the influence in students interest in learning Literature in English. It can be considered as the agents that are responsible towards the development of students interest in learning Literature in English. In this study, the factors are divided into three main divisions which are the students family background, the selection of texts in literature in English component, and the activities during the literature in English lessons. 2) Interest: A state of curiosity or concern about or attention to something Context of study: Interest is the emotional reactions and behavioural tendencies towards the learning of literature in English. In this study, the students interest is categorized into two categories which the students who react positively towards literature in English and students who react negatively towards the literature in English. However, interest is the behaviour that can be changed or developed by certain strong influences either it turns out to be positive or negative. 3) Learning: Knowledge or skill gained through schooling or study. Context of study: Learning is a process of study to gain the knowledge. The learning of literature in English mostly happens at school especially during the literature lesson for English subjects. As literature in English component is a part of English syllabus in Malaysian education curriculum, the students need to learn it. Thus, in this study, the learning of literature in English is referring to the formal learning of the subject in Malaysian secondary school. 4) Literature in English: written material specifically in English language such as poetry, novels, essays, etc., especially works of imagination characterized by excellence of style and expression and by themes of general or enduring interest. Context of study: Literature in English component is a part of the English syllabus in Malaysian secondary schools. It is divided into three genres which are short stories, poems, and novels. 1.6 Scope of Research The scope of the research involved the participation of 40 students in Form 3 with different level of proficiency from SM La Salle Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Form 3 students have finished covering all the literature contents for lower secondary school. The data was collected and analyzed based on the questionnaires which were distributed to the respondents concerned. 1.7 Limitation of Research The limitation of this study: A. Time constraints : 1) Students might not have sufficient time to fill the survey form thus resulting in unanswered items and/or inaccurate answers. B. Small sample: 1) The findings of the research are only valid or based on one school. It does not representing of all schools in Malaysia and not even in Sabah. 1.8 Significance of Research Over the years since the implementation and the development of literature in English component as part of Malaysian curriculum, many issues has been discussed regarding on the problems faced by the students that affect their interest in learning the literature in English. This study will find the most reasonable and rational answer on the factors affecting students interest to learn literature in English. This study also will prove whether students level of proficiency in English really has a very strong influence to the students interest in learning literature. Besides, this study will help the curriculum designers to improve the contents of literature component for lower secondary school. This study also can be used as a reference for teachers to investigate students preferences for activities in classroom during literature lesson and apply them in the class. This Study will also provide and enable other or future researchers who would like to conduct the same research with sufficient and useful information based on the topic. The methodology in this research such as the questionnaire can ease the future research by adapting them or perhaps amend them to suit their study. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter presents review of the general situation and the development of literature in English in Malaysias education system. However, the main discussions are focused on the three main factors that have the greatest influence towards the students interest in learning literature in English. The three main factors are the family background of the students, the selection of text or the contents for Literature components, and the preferred activities by the students during the literature lesson. This review will also provide some insights into the relationship between English language proficiency that might influence students interest in learning Literature in English. Apart from that, reviews on other possible factors will also be discussed as the argument of this chapter. These reviews are to give a better understanding on how these factors can really influence and affects the students interest in learning literature in English. 2.1 The Scenario of the teaching of LIE components in Malaysia Historically, the development of the teaching of literature in English in Malaysia can be considered as inconsistent. The teaching and learning of literature in English in the Malaysian English Second Language (ESL) context has evolved from being a core part of the English language curriculum to a point of near extinction only to re-emerge in the 21st century in a far stronger form (Subramaniam, 2003). In addition, he stated that the downturn in the teaching and learning of literature as a subject is crucially marked by the change in the medium of instruction in schools from English to Malay. According to Carter and Long (1991: cited in Fauziah Ahmad 2007), the importance of literature was only fully realized sometime in the mid 1980s where extensive debates and discussions took place. Since then, the situation for learning and teaching has changed radically and literature is presently being reconsidered within the language teaching profession. Fauziah (2007) believes that the changes of attitude toward the importance of literature have also affected the Malaysian national curriculum. As she stated in the introduction of her research, Literature in English was first introduced to Form Four students in 1992. Subsequently, this has led to the re-introduction of literature into language classrooms in the year 2000, and is now an integrated element of the English language component. The wind of change in the teaching and learning of literature in Malaysia is also supported by Talif (2005), in his book entitled Teaching Literature in ESL:The Malaysian Context, a book which discusses briefly on the development of literature in English in Malaysian schools. The study shows that Literature in English was first introduced by the Malaysian Education Ministry by implementing the Class Reader Programme (CRP) in 1990 at the Form 1 level in all secondary schools. Basically, the CRP programme was designed to motivate students to read the class readers at home as well as to prepare the students for the Literature in English Programme (LEP) at the upper secondary students. The LEP was offered as an elective subject for study at the upper secondary school level (Form 4-5) which was implemented in 1992. To date, the Malaysian Ministry of Education (KPM) implemented the literature in English component as a part of English syllabus in March, 2000. It started with only for Form 1 and Form 4 students in year 2000, followed by Form 2 and Form 5 in year 2001, and to all Form 3 in every school in year 2002. The component has been examined in SPM exam in year 2001 and in PMR exam in year 2002, (Ministry of Education Malaysia). To summarize the history and the development of literature in English in Malaysian curriculum, the following review may conclude all. In Malaysia, three different reading programmes have been introduced over the last three decades. The English Language Reading Programme (ELRP) was implemented in 1983, the Class Reader Programme (CRP) in 1993 (Malachi Edwin, 1993) and the incorporation of the literature in English component into the English Language syllabus in 1999 (Subramaniam, 2003). To date, the literature in English component in the English Language paper is considered to be the most successful reading programme because the texts that are being taught and read in the classroom are a tested component in the public examinations (Vethamani, 2004a; 2004b). (Too W.K, 2009, page 41) From the reviews above, it can be concluded that the journey towards the inclusion of literature in language courses has been going through many stages of change. Thus, the implementation can be considered as unstable and the improvements by the ministry are needed from time to time. 2.2 The Students Attitude towards the teaching and learning of Literature in English The lack of interest in learning literature in English among Malaysian students is one of the prevailing issues focused on by various authorities and researcher. It is such an alarming issue because the students attitude towards literature is closely related in determining the success and failure in learning literature. There are three main factors that are always being associated with the lack of interest in learning literature in English among the Malaysian students. The figure 1 shows the main focus of the researcher in the study of factors affecting the Malaysian lower secondary students interest in the learning of literature in English. In order to support the statement above, the researcher decide to make Daviss model of research as a reference (1992: cited in Siti Norliana, 2008) to compare and support statement of the problem on the factors that affecting students attitude towards studying literature. For the purpose of this study, the researcher opts to consider attitude (Daviss model of reaseacrh, 1992) as interest towards studying literature. The positive attitude may bring the meaning of highly interested and negative attitude would be the lower interest. According to Davis (1992), the Figure 2 shows the potential factors that have significant relationship with students attitudes towards literature in a foreign language. Factors In comparison to the researchers model and the Daviss model of research, both models show several similarities regarding on the factors that might influence and affect the interest towards the learning of literature in English. Davis believes that those factors contribute great impacts to the students attitudes in studying literature. Based on Davis (1992), all of the factors result the variation of the students attitudes towards the studying of literature. 2.3 Students Level of Proficiency in English Language Learning literature in English is quite a challenge for Malaysian students because the English is considered as the second or the third language in our nation. In order for the students to learn literature in English, the first thing that they have to master is the language itself because that is the only way to associate with literature in English better. Thus, the level of proficiency in English would affect the students interest in learning literature in English. If the student is good in English, the possibility to have higher interest towards literature in English is very high. Meanwhile, lower proficiency levels in English may lead to frustration and less motivation among students to learn literature in English. 2.3.1 Language Spoken at Home Students usually are coming from different family background. Thus students may have different experience or exposure towards the learning of literature. There are students who are very good in term of proficiency in English language because they practice the language at home with their parents in daily communication. However, there are also students who never use or speak in any other language including English as a spoken language at home but only speak in their mother tongue language at home. This situation can be seen by comparing between the students from urban area and students who live in rural area. According to Jamali and Hasliza (2002), Malaysian students especially those who live in rural areas do not see the need to use of English in their life, and it caused them to have lower motivation to learn English. The exposure towards English language and literature in English that they received are very little compared to urban students. In fact, there are a growing number of ch ildren whose first language is English and who may be termed native speakers since their parents have chosen to use only English in the home instead of their ethnic languages. Murugesan (2003). Thus, the students level of proficiency in English language may vary to each other. The more the students have been exposed to the English language, the more interest they gain to learn and read the literature in English. 2.4 Selection of texts in Literature in English component There are always bad and negative feedbacks that have been received from the students and the teachers regarding on the literature text in Malaysian school. Sidhu (2003), as cited in Too (2006), found that most students showed little interest in reading prescribed texts. The result of Sidhus research revealed that 60% of the students viewed the texts in Literature in English as boring and failed to arouse their interest to read. Various comments and feedbacks also can be retrieved from the discussion forum in MELTA website mostly participated by the teachers and the students. Some of them think that the texts for English literature components are boring and need to be reviewed. Retrieved Online November 18, 2009 from: http://www.melta.org.my/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=1098forum=5viewmode=flatstart=20 2.4.1 Students Difficulties in understanding the texts There are three different genres that the students have to learn and read for the literature in English component. They are short story, poem and novel. Students have different perception and interest towards each genre. According to Siti Norliana (2008) research, the students showed higher interest in reading the short stories item compared to poems and novels. The students prefer short stories because they are not lengthy and less time consuming to read if compared to Novels. Most of the students described novels as lengthy and very confusing in term of plot and characters. It should not be a surprise that the students prefer short stories more than novel because as cited in Wei-Keong Too (2006, Page 43), both Reed (1992) and Chances (1999) analyses conclude that the books that young adult choose are character driven and the plot is fast. In Dr. Sharifahs (2002) study, the analysis result showed that the students positive responses towards short stories and novels are higher than the poems. According to the result, students are less interested in reading poems because of the use of literary language with underlying meaning. Thus, it is very hard for the students to understand the texts. When the students find the poems very difficult in terms of language, they will automatically refuse to read it and show lower interest towards any text in the same genre. For instance, the poem like Lifes Brief Candle is very hard for the students to understand since they are not familiar with the literary language used in the poem and could not get the underlying meaning of the poem. In Huzainas (2006) research result, students found Lifes Brief Candle the most difficult because they could not associate the candle much with their life. If the students could associate the texts with their own experience and surroundings, they will understand the meaning of the texts easier and become more interested to read more from other authors. 2.5 Activities in the classroom Teachers creativity in teaching Literature is also one of the most important features to capture students interest. Teachers play the important role to instill interest in learning literature in English among the students. As for that, teachers need extra initiatives and creativities to instill students interest towards the subject by providing the students with the interesting activities. Creative activities are used to enhance students understanding of literary texts and to attract their attention and interest in reading and learning literature. 2.5.1 Teacher-centered VS student-centered activities The activities during the literature in English lesson are important to make the students take part in the lesson. However, many teachers lack creative ideas to provide the students with interesting activities when teaching literature in the classroom. Unfortunately, many teachers apply activities which are more teacher-centered in orientation during literature lesson. Teacher-ecentered activities are activities that are more controlled by the teachers all the time, such as spoon-feeding the students with all the information and thorough explanations and translations. Thus, the students role is only taking notes from the teachers and memorise them for the sake of passing the exam. As mentioned by Sharifah Nadia (2007) in her research, since our education system is exam-oriented, most of the teachers teach literature with the purpose to pass the students in the examination and neglecting the main reason of learning literature which is to understand and appreciate literature. As a resu lt, the activities are stereotype because the teachers only focus on how to make the students pass in the exam. An experienced and excellent teacher would use student-centered activities that involve students participation during the literature lesson. In this kind of activities, the students get involved and participate in the lesson instead of listening only to the teachers explanation. The students will be able to experience and understand the meaning of literature during the learning process. There are many enjoyable activities that the teachers can apply in the classroom especially during literature in English lesson such as dramas, role plays, group discussion, games, and multimedia presentations. These activities allow the students to express themselves through literature and capture their interest to learn literature in English. Since the student-centered activities are more enjoyable and link to the students interest, the students are more interested to learn more about literature in English in the classroom. In Siti Norlianas (2008) study, the students show more positive response towards activities that allow them to participate in the lesson actively. Table 2.1 shows the result of students acceptance towards activities used in literature in English lesson by the teacher in the classroom. Table 2.1 Students Acceptance towards the Activities for Literature in English Classroom No. Teaching Methods Percentage (%) 1) Students provide background information 96.2 2) Variety of activities (games, drama, role play, etc) 95.4 3) Working in groups 91.8 4) Teacher's explanation 90.9 5) Audio Visual Supports 85.5 6) Translation and using Malay in teaching literature 70 The result is cited from Siti Norliana (2008) From the result, it shows that the students prefer the activities that can encourage them to participate in the lesson and allow them to think more critically rather than listening to teachers talk. In addition to the research, based on the interviews by Siti Norliana (2008), found that half of the students described that the activities employed by the teachers are dull and inadequate. This situation is supported by Dr. Sharifah (2002), she concluded that the teachers knowledge, expertise, and creativity i

Ethical Dilemmas Of Animal Testing

Ethical Dilemmas Of Animal Testing This report is based on the Literature Review about ethical dilemma that arises over the controversy of using Animals for Testing and Research Studies. We have tried to explain in brief about Animal Testing and discussed broadly with the Ethical Theories that support and argue about the Use of Animals. We have also tried to relate all the ethical dilemma with respect to PG, who over the past decade has been constantly facing the allegations over the use of Animal Testing to ensure that their consumers get Safe Products. We have tried to come to a conclusion on how Animal Testing can be reduced, if not completely eradicated. At the same time we have voiced our opinions on the use of various alternatives to Animal Testing. Overview of Animal Testing The Use of Animals for test observations and Experimentations for the greater understanding of reactions from a particular substance or raw material that goes into some goods or medicines that we consumers consume can be termed as Animal Testing. Or you can say the use of non-human animals experimentations to prevent pain and sufferings to human beings A number of companies that produced goods for personal and hygiene care have emerged from the mid to late nineteenth century and this resulted in the number of animal tests and experiments to grow exponentially. The main reasons for those tests were medical research, to cure illness and test chemical compounds used to develop new products. Those tests were conducted in medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, and even farms. The vast amounts of animals that are being tested on are mice, monkeys, cats, dogs and guinea pigs. However, certain types of animals are used for different types of research for instance mice for cancer research, dogs for transplant surgery and cats for psychological experiments. Moreover, most of those animals that are being tested on are purposely-bred and supplied by the specialists companies, others usually come from the pound or are just caught in the wild. Over 100 million animals in North America alone will be killed in animal tests this year. Animal testing has been going on for years, a lot of companies test their products on animals, some of these tests consist of restraining animals and dropping chemicals into their eyes, the scientists also forcefully pump the chemicals into the animals stomach though a tube to see how it reacts to the chemical. These experiments are sometimes carried without anesthesia which makes it extremely painful for the animal. After observing the reactions for a number of days the animal is either destroyed or re-used in other experiments, most experiments consist of burning, stabbing and drugging animals. The thing is that animals react to drugs differently than we do so the results cant accurately be applied to humans so why do scientists do it? Since we cannot legally conduct tests on ourselves as humans, we look at the creatures that are right below us, animals. However, some of us dont seem to notice animals have feelings and can experience pain just as we would. As Jeremy Bentham would ask, The question is not, Can they reason? Nor, Can they talk? But can they suffer? Testing Animal Testing and Ethical Dilemma Introduction The rise in the consumer dominance has led the organizations to adopt the use of various artificially derived chemicals for use in production of Personal and Hygiene Goods. At the same time, medical advances and pharmaceutical companies acknowledge the use of animals for research studies and experimentation. This has raised various doubts about our ethics. Testing on Animals for chemical substance reactions to ensure consumer safety and drive innovative techniques is believed to be inhumane by some, while others agree that Animal Testing saves LIFE. This research paper evaluates the ethical dilemma borne by us. Animal Testing Define The obvious questions that are raised here are about the whole concept of Animal Testing and why is it necessary? Most of us are made to believe that Animal Testing is simply the torture of animals, striping them of their rights and cruel treatment of animals. This Definition of Animal Testing might have derived from various organizations that do not support the idea of Animal Research Studies as a whole and demand ethical treatment of animals through unjust terrifying acts of demonstrations and protests. These are the organizations who believe Animals have RIGHTS. It was argued upon by Robert Goldberg (1990) at the Washington conference of Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal with top dignitaries of the Humane Society about the issue of euthanizing millions of stray animals in public interest, and why the ruckus of using the same animals for the use in lab-testing. It was also argued upon at the conference over how activists have been indulged in terrorist like activities, as demonstrated by various raids at numerous labs conducting experiments on animals. The irony is, we as humans, will never be willing to come up and accept the fact that if we dont test the substances on Us, Animals are the next best alternatives to ensure Safety. There has always been an argument that animal testing results are inaccurate and also it is expensive to perform tests, secondly, animal testing is inhumane, and thirdly, there are alternatives to animal testing. According to former scientific executive of Huntingdon Life Sciences, animal tests and human results agree only 5%-25% of the time. Then looking at Tony Pages Vivisection Unveiled it states that less than 2% of human illnesses (1.16%) are ever seen in animals. In the tests of LD/50 short for Lethal Dose 50 per cent, a test wherein the animals receive a continuous dose of a dangerous chemical until half of them die , the Humane Society of the United States states that LD/50 tests do not yield enough data on the following: the poisonous doses of a chemical or substance, the prediction of poisoning signs and symptoms, the prevention or correction of over doses, and the specific cause of death in laboratory animals. Finally, looking at PETAs fact sheets, they argue that In many cases, animal studies do not just hurt animals and waste money; they harm and kill people, too. The drugs thalidomide, Zomax and DES were all tested on animals and judged safe but had devastating consequences fo r the humans who used them. The cost of animal testing is about $136 billion each year. Ethical Dilemma : Corporate Assessment PG Despite the fact that reliable modern humane tests are available in these days, Procter and Gamble insist on testing on animals claiming that this is the last resort that makes sure of their products safety. Whether it is ethical or unethical for Procter and Gamble to test on helpless animals is the question raised in this ethical dilemma. The case is analyzed and ethically evaluated based on: Deontological Theories Teleological Theories Casuist Theory All of these ethical theories aim at a common set of goals which are the ethical principles and that includes Beneficence, Least Harm, Respect for autonomy, and Justice. Deontological Theories: Deontological theories focus mainly on duties, obligations and rights. One of the most common deontological theories is the Kantianism which is known of its two formulations the Categorical Imperative I and the Categorical Imperative II. PRO ANIMAL TESTING: A scientist at Procter and Gamble would raise the question: is it right for humans to test on animals to save human lives? The proposed rule would be that humans can and have the right to test on animals in order to save human lives. So if we universalize the rule: it is accepted for humans to test and experiments with animals in order to save human lives. Furthermore, According to Immanuel Kant- the German philosopher- the only thing with any basic value is a good will. Since animals have no wills at all, they cannot have good will; they therefore do not have any basic value. Hence, it is ethical to test on animals because it saves humans lives. Procter and Gambles scientist would argue that moral rights and principles of justice apply only to human beings. Morality is a creation of social processes in which animals do not participate. Moral rights and moral principles apply only to those who are part of the moral community created by these social processes. Since animals are not part of this moral community, we have no obligations toward them. But we do have moral obligations to our fellow human beings, which include the duty to reduce and prevent needless human suffering and untimely deaths, which, in turn, may require the painful experimentation on animals. CON ANIMAL TESTING: A scientist working at Body Shop raise the question: Can Procter and Gamble mistreat and torture an animal claiming that this is the only way to make sure of their products safety? The proposed rule would be that organizations and companies can torture animals and demonstrate hideous experiments on them just because they believe that human beings are superiors to animals by being rational and intelligent. So if we universalize the rule, then a person can apply scientific experiments on any irrational unintelligent creature. Hence, that would include babies and people with mental difficulties and this would definitely be considered immoral and unethical on so many levels. That leads to the fact that although animals are irrational creatures, they feel the pain and the torture exercised on them. Thus, Procter and Gambles testing on animals can be termed unethical. Categorical Imperative II implies that individuals should act in a way that leads to a mutual benefit, treating both parties as ends in themselves. According to the case, animals are being misused in a way that is only considered beneficial for the human kind by Procter and Gamble. In other words, animals are being used as means to an end. Therefore, Procter and Gambles actions towards animals are unethical. Other deontological theories focus on the rights rather than duties and obligations. This leads to the controversial question: Do animals have rights? Even though there is no law that clearly states that animal rights are equal to human rights, animal rights campaigners have stated that animals have the right to live free from human exploitation, whether in the name of science or sport, exhibition or service, food or fashion. Animals have the right to live in harmony with their nature rather than according to human desires. Injecting chemical substances into a rabbits eye for seven days to produce a Head and Shoulders shampoo deprive him from any of these rights. Applying cancer and toxicity tests on rats and mice of optical brighteners and other laundry detergent ingredients leave them with no rights as well. These are just examples of the various experiments applied on animals in Procter and Gambles laboratories. Thus, testing on animals is unethical. Teleological Theories: Teleological theories focus on the consequences and the results of an action. Both of the Utilitarianism theories are perfect examples of such theories. An Act Utilitarians main objective is to take the action or the decision that would maximize the benefits for most people regardless of constraints such as law. On the other hand, a Rule Utilitarian takes into consideration justice and fairness as well as beneficence for most people. PRO ANIMAL TESTNG: Those who argue for the continuation of painful experimentation on animals state that society has an obligation to act in ways that will minimize harm and maximize benefits. Halting or curtailing painful experimentation on animals would have harmful consequences to society. Indeed, pain is an evil to be minimized, and scientists at Procter and Gamble do work to minimize pain when possible. Contrary to sensationalistic reports of animal rights activists, Procter and Gambles scientists are not a society of crazed, cruel, curiosity seekers. But there are instances when the use of alternatives, such as painkillers, would interfere with research that promises to vastly improve the quality and duration of human lives. Animal research has been the basis for new vaccines, new cancer therapies, artificial limbs and organs, new surgical techniques, and the development of hundreds of useful products and materials. These benefits to humans far outweigh the costs in suffering that relatively few animals have had to endure. Society has an obligation to maximize the opportunities to produce such beneficial consequences, even at the cost of inflicting some pain on animals. CON ANIMAL TESTING: From an Act Utilitarian point of view, Procter and Gambles animal testing does not only harm the whole animal kingdom; it is harming the human race and the environment as well. Animal testing is one of the main reasons of having various animals such as chimpanzees, macaques and white rhinos under threat, the threat of extinction. And as clarified earlier, animal testing is not the adequate way to save human lives. On the contrary, it is putting their lives in danger as well. A Rule Utilitarian who takes into account fairness and justice would add to the previous points that there is neither justice nor fairness applied when human beings use animals as disposable machines claiming that this is the only way to save as much human lives as possible (which is of course not true). Thus, According to the Act and Rule Utilitarianism theories animal testing held by Procter and Gamble is unethical. Casuist Theory: The casuist theory compares a current ethical dilemma with examples of similar ethical and their outcomes. PRO ANIMAL TESTING: Comparing our current ethical dilemma of Animal Testing and contrast the same with use of Canines as human companions, or use of animals for human safety would raise more doubts about our sincerity and perseverance to the issues raised in our society. Do we fail to conceptualize the degree of our social environment that would create a clear ethical ground that justifies why we do what we do. Although most of the training is under acceptable standards, some safety patrol dogs need rigorous training which can be brutal and inhumane. CON ANIMAL TESTING: Looking at the issue from a casuistic point of view, a perfect similar ethical dilemma would be of human slavery. Caucasians used to believe that they are superior to others and therefore used to slave Africans and treat them in a very inhuman way claiming that by doing so they are maximizing the benefits for the whole world. This was considered one of the norms back in those dark times. Nowadays it is considered immoral, unethical and completely unacceptable in every nation and society to treat another human being in an inferior way. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights clearly states now that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Peoples awareness for human rights has been increasing throughout the years and this was the reason behind this Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Unfortunately, scientists at Procter and Gamble are still unaware of the fact that animals are entitled to have their own rights. They are oblivious to the fact that we as human beings have no right to mistreat animals. They have no right as human beings to capture them, torture them and kill them with no mercy under the veil of saving human lives. On the contrary, animals should have the right to live peacefully with their nature and we as the rational creatures on this earth are obligated to defend the helpless kingdom and protect them from any harm. Thus, animal testing at Procter and Gambles laboratories can be simply ceased by declaring it unethical. Consumers First Looking at the whole idea from PGs point of view. According to PGs Human Safety Brochure and Sustainability (2009) overview, we have to first realize the fact that on an average about 4 billion people in the world use PG products every single day. This makes it their utmost priority that they reduce the risk of any type to the end-user. It has been for this very fact, that PG has been indulged in Animal Testing. The underlying factor here is that, we, as Humans, would be biased over the fact that if a particular product is tested on animals, and is guaranteed not to harm us or our children, we instantly change our opinion about the use of Animal Testing. According to Davis and Donald, we cannot have the ultimate assurance of the safety in the products we buy and use independent of animal testing. They specifically quote with present day technology, if the cost of achieving such assurance mandates the sacrifice of an occasional hairless mouse or rabbit or laboratory rat, then it is a price that we are prepared to pay. It is a delusion and a sham at this point to say we can achieve one without the other. Although the Ban on animal testing in various countries have given rise to various companies that are not indulged in Animal Testing, the Body Shop was one company that started off even before the ban with one view in mind Cruelty Free products. Many Researchers and Authors like Goldemberg and Robert (1992), believe that although a companys final product may not be tested on animals, but there is always a chance that down the line, some of the ingredients used were tested on animals by its suppliers or somebody else in the industry. Conclusion Medical Advances such as various vaccines, Insulin, treatment for kidney through dialysis, etc. Has been possible as a result of animal testing. At the same the use of various personal care products such has shampoos and cosmetics have been certified safe for human consumption as a result of constant development through Animal testing and research. During this journey, we have failed on many occasions to successfully justify animal testing when researches have gone wrong and caused harm and in certain cases death to Humans. Although we understand that Animal Testing has resulted in numerous data and statistics that would help generate computer simulation models and prove as a bench mark for further research, we can never stop Animal Testing as whole as it is fueled by our hunger for innovation. There is always room for efficiency and least harm. This can be achieved by the 3Rs theory developed by British zoologists William Russel and Rex Burch in 1959. The theory focuses on Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal testing and experimentations.

The Nature and Variety of Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Greek St

13. Megalopolitans: The people from Megalopolis in Arcadia in the western Peloponnese. It was in the Achaean League during the time being described. It would have been considered a Polis and as such would not have been seen as just a single entity or brain, rather [The Greeks] ‘saw the relationship between the individual and the state as organic’ (Green, 1993). The nature and variety of late classical and early Hellenistic Greek states were unique. Not one appeared to be the same as any other. One system favoured democracy (Athens), another may favour a diarchy (Sparta) and others may be led by a tyrant. However A polis at this time did not just have to be a big city. A small village on a mountainside could be considered as a polis because it was led by a body of citizens. Poleis arguably started to decline during the Hellenistic period when they relied more and more on benefactors who would contribute wealth to a city in exchange for political power. A polis in Ancient Greek times would have meant more than just a city, rather it would be a territory, and a state; which is why a polis can be described as a city-state. Aetolians: The Aetolians are from the area of Aetolia which is a mountainous region north of Corinth in central Greece. It was the base of the Aetolian League which was created to rival Macedonia and the Achaean League. By the 340’s it was the leading power in Greece in which Green explains: ‘The Aetolians now controlled most of central Greece’ (Green, 2007). Polybios is heavily anti-Aetolian in his writing, perhaps because Polybios himself was from Megalopolis which was part of the Achaean League, or that he based most of his work for this time (220’s) on Aratus of Sicyon’s memoirs. His father was also a leading... ...Works Cited Green, P. 2007. The Hellenistic Age. New York. Hansen, M. H. 2006. Polis: An Introduction to the Greek City-State. Oxford. Hansen, M. H. 1998. Polis and City-state: An Ancient Concept and its Modern Equivalent. Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab/Munksgaard. Larsen, J. A. O. 1968. Greek Federal States: Their Institutions and History. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Paton, W. R. ed. 1922-7. Polybius, Histories. (Loeb Classical Library, 128, 137-8, and 159-61.) Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Shipley, G. 2000. The Greek World after Alexander: 323-30 BC. London-New York: Routledge. Fine, J. V. A. ‘The Background of the Social War of 220-217B.C’. The American Jounal of Philology, Vol 61, No 2. (1940) pp. 129-165. Samuel, A. E. The Ptolemies and the Ideology of Kingship, in Hellenistic History and Culture, Ed. Green, P. 1993.

Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric Methane Essay -- Geology

Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric Methane Introduction The atmosphere has always contained the Greenhouse Gas methane. Along with carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and water vapor, methane helps to create the natural greenhouse effect. These gases trap some of the sun's energy and keep the Earth at a warm enough temperature to sustain life. If the occurrence of any of these gases in the atmosphere is increased, the natural greenhouse effect will intensify and further warm the Earth. Due to man's activities, the amount of atmospheric methane has more than doubled since pre-industrial times. It could double again by the year 2050. Today, 60 to 70% of methane releases come from human- related activities. Pie chart of Greenhouse Gases The Effect of Methane on Global Warming Methane is the second largest contributor to potential global warming (carbon dioxide being the first). Methane is an extremely powerful greenhouse gas, and it increases the greenhouse effect in two ways. Firstly, it absorbs infrared radiation well, making it twenty times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. Secondly, increased amounts of methane increases the amount of water vapor in the stratosphere, further trapping heat. Another characteristic of methane relative to global warming is its staying power: the methane released today could still trap heat more than a decade from now. Its concentration in the atmosphere is rising annually. Landfills The largest source of methane emissions in the United States are landfills. Landfill gas, which is mainly composed of methane and carbon dioxide, is the result of the anaerobic decomposition of ... ... it and use it for our benefit. Sources: Pipkin. Recent Climate Change. http://madmonster.williams.edu/geol.103/04-Climates2.html, Fall 1996 EPA. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Methane. http://www.epa.gov/oppeoee1/globalwarming/inventory/1998-inv/methane.html, April 7, 1998 World Meteorological Organization. Scientists Support IPCC Global Warming Conclusion, Call for Quick Action. http://www.voyagepub.com/stories/0996cli2.htm , Summer 1996 EPA. Climate Change: Methane and other Greenhouse Gases. http://www.epa.gov/outreach/ghginfo/reports.htm Global Warming is Happening. http://www.enviroweb.org/edf/ishappening/ishappening_frameset.html. copyright 1997 Methane (CH4). http://global.phy.pdx.edu/sarah/CH4.html Michael Franklin. Trash Can Be Turned Into Energy Source. http://www.dfpress.com/science/0422972.html, April 1997

Arts and Politics :: Arts Politics Essays

Arts and Politics Many artists tend to overwork themselves and get frustrated. Even if they were to work 18 hours a day on a project, many of them still wouldn’t be able to pat themselves on the shoulder and say â€Å"You’ve done a great job! You should be happy!† Of all the times they say it, they rarely feel it. But when you get down to the bottom of it, they absolutely love to do it! Just like that, Emilie gets neurotic when she works, and hence she prefers to work alone at night. Upon my insistence she reveals some of the secret characteristics of her artist persona: she gazes at the drawing, moves back, gazes some more, moves closer, speaks to herself and works for long hours until the picture in her head comes alive. It’s rarely the exact same picture, but sometimes it’s â€Å"even better†. She’s sharing her studio with two friends this year. As a result, she prefers to work at home even though she misses the times when she pulled all-nighters in Johnson and turned the lights off as the sun came up. Even though she works like a zombie in order to avoid human presence, the result inevitably begs for the daylights due to its political subject matter. Emilie doesn’t do art for art’s sake. She has a purpose: to make the viewer think. â€Å"It’s really important to know what you think about everything.. ‘Cause if you don’t know, then what are you bringing to the table?.. In order to be a complete person you need to have complete opinions about a wide spectrum of things.† Unlike some political art that’s shoved into your face, Emilie tries to be subtle. She likes to put things out there and leave the interpretation to the viewer. Her work mainly deals with gender, popular culture, and western mentality. â€Å"I’m a woman, I’m American, I’m middle upper class, I’m a consumer, I’m privileged. But I’m also influenced by the struggles of the other class-lower class†¦ I’m fascinated by the concept of the exotic and how western communities turn that into a commodity. The consumption by the west of the east..† she says as she sips on Red Bull, takes another drag from her cigarette, the count of which I lost a while ago, and puts on some techno/pop music on the computer. But that’s not all. Despite her interest and respect in political art, she immediately sits up when asked her favorite artist and speaks the name James Turrell.

Risk of Schizophrenia Essay

Over the last few decades Schizophrenia has become embedded in mainstream vernacular as any behavior or emotional response that is out of touch with reality. However even with its popularity heightened through movies and headline news stories, schizophrenia is still one of the most enigmatic and least understood disorders of the brain. With current research focused on the role of neurobiology and functioning on a cellular level, investigative analysis has merited new innovations towards its source, however a single organic cause for the disorder still eludes scientists. Although the foundation of the affliction is still unknown, its effects are well documented and over the next few pages will show the changes in the brain as the disease develops, and how those alterations impact the rest of the body and alter various other functions throughout the viscera. The term Schizophrenia was first coined in 1911 by Swiss psychiatrist Dr. Eugen Bleuler and translates from the original Greek as schizo (split) and phrene (mind), making a literal translation of split-mind, in reference to the disjointed thinking of those with the disease (Johnstone, 1994). Although the term was first used in the early twentieth century, according to scholars a ‘madness’ was described in The Ebers Papyrus, a collection of ancient Egyptian medical papers dating back to 1550 BC, which accurately depicts some of schizophrenia’s symptoms (Johnstone, 1994). With its possible documentation over three millennia ago and its symptoms documented in a myriad of medical journals throughout history, the disorder itself is very rare. Those who are at the highest risk of manifestation are offspring whose parents are both schizophrenic, although even at this rate the risk of manifestation is about forty-six percent. Globally however its prevalence is about 0.9 percent or fifty-eight million people worldwide (Hollandsworth, 1990). According to James G. Hollandworth of the University of Southern Mississippi, schizophrenia is primarily characterized by a disintegration of reality perception, consciousness, and thought process which results in a debilitated proficiency in social and professional faculties (Hollandworth, 1990). While schizophrenia can most arguably be classified as a predominantly genetic affliction, there are others factors which can contribute to its development even without a genetic predisposition. These elements include birth defects such as hypoxia and low birth rate, neuroanatomical anomalies, viral infections, along with low IQ and cerebral  atrophy (Hollandsworth, 1990). While these components in themselves are not sufficient enough to cause the disorder, they result in an increased risk for developing the disease. One theory for the cause of schizophrenia that has been studied with great validity is the dopamine hypothesis. This theory postulates that schizophrenia is caused by an overabundance of the dopamine-dependent areas of the brain causing an imbalance that affects the entire system (Hollandsworth, 1990). For this reason many of today’s schizophrenia treatment drugs inhibit dopamine receptor activity in an attempt to return it to its natural equilibrium. Although even with advances in modern science and new drugs being developed every day, the illness is still only treatable and its symptoms still emerge even with proper medication. Even with its origin unknown, scientists have discovered several chromosomes which when damaged or mutated, greatly increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. The chromosomes in particular that act as catalysts are chromosome numbers twenty-two, six, and eleven (Klar, 2004). Chromosome six contains several genes that are linked with immune response which has given rise to the belief that schizophrenia has some association with weakened disease fighting agents. While damage to this chromosome may be linked to the source of the ailment, it may only be the jump starter that kicks off the path to developing the illness. For as scientists know, a lacking immune response caused by chromosome damage can theoretically leave the body vulnerable to infection, which are facilitators that can bring about the emergence of the disorder (Hollandsworth, 1990). Chromosome twenty-two on the other hand is linked with the dopamine hypothesis as this area houses enzymes that aid in transporting neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters, mainly catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) are essential for the breakdown of dopamine. Any disruptions in this particular area can trigger an overabundance or shortage of dopamine, potentially resulting in developing positive or negative schizophrenia symptoms (Chakravarti, 2002). Lastly, chromosome eleven has been associated with schizophrenia on the grounds of genetic translocation, or a chromosome abnormality caused by faulty rearrangements of various strands of DNA. These faults can occur in any number of genes, however during this process it occurs at times pivotal to cell division, making it easy for genes to be incorrectly rearranged (Klar, 2004). When this happens  it can potentially inhibit the development of lateralization of brain function and act as a precursor not only schizophrenia, but other forms of mental illness as well as cognitive impairments (Klar, 2004). Once the subject has developed schizophrenia it affects the brain in very specific ways. When the disorder itself first begins to emerge its early symptoms manifest themselves in a period called The Prodormal Phase (Neale &ump; Oltmanns, 1980). During this phase, which occurs anywhere from six to thirty months before the disease truly emerges, the person may experience social withdrawal , dysphoria, and irritability. As the disorder progresses the symptoms may become more intense, and newer or ‘positive’ symptoms may begin to surface. These positive symptoms can include visual and auditory hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thought processes. In severe cases of thought process deterioration or cognitive slippage, a person can develop schizophasia or ‘word salad’ where a person’s speech is completely incoherent with no understandable thought or message. Following the positive symptoms of the illness, ‘negative’ symptoms can appear as well. These symptoms are aspects of the person’s personality that have been negated by the disease. They are most commonly expressed by the person’s flat or expressionless demeanor, apathy, very little displayed emotion, and continued peculiar behavior (Hollandsworth, 1990). After schizophrenia has completely manifested itself, the patient is usually classified into one of four types. These types are paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and undifferentiated. Those in the paranoid group display an obsession over their delusions or ha ve hallucinations specifically related to a certain subject or idea, and are usually the most functional of all schizophrenics (Johnstone, 1994). Disorganized types are typically ones who display little emotion and act in a disjointed and inarticulate manner, while catatonic schizophrenics are merely ones who appear in torpor and display lethargic indolence. The undifferentiated type however is hybrid of the three previous types and is a miscellaneous combination of all their symptoms combined (Johnstone, 1994). While the outward symptoms may be relatively easy to recognize, inside the brain is a totally different matter. Schizophrenia can cause structural changes in the brain even though a specific cause for these changes is still unknown. These changes in brain structure are illustrated by larger ventricles, a thicker corpus collosum, a decrease in dendrite  spines in the frontal lobe, disordered hippocampal pyramidal cells, and a shrinkage of the cerebellar vermis, which is mainly responsible for perception. In some studies malformed neuronal migration has been observed which can lead to disjointed thoughts as well as an overall shrinkage of the hippocampus and amygdala (Johnstone, 1994). Due to these changes, a person suffering from the disorder can have reduced functioning in the frontal lobe which can affect their logic and critical thinking skills as well as their ability to successfully plan ahead. This reduced functioning is displayed in the Wisconsin card sorting test, which is administered to measure possible brain damage and assess the functioning of the frontal lobe. Schizophrenics who participate in the test show an inability to successfully transfer their attention to the rules of the exam once they begin. Functional imaging has also shown a lack of activity in the right hemisphere of the frontal lobe during their partaking, which does not increase as the task is administered. It is also shown that in a study by a Dr. Nagy in 1963, that of 260 cases of schizophrenia, roughly fifty-eight percent of the group had some form of cerebral atrophy (Johnstone, 1994). On a cellular level schizophrenia symptoms are thought to be caused by an overabundance of neurotransmitters released between neurons. These neurotransmitters, mainly dopamine and serotonin, in excess can cause hallucinations and delusions which are referred to as ‘positive’ symptoms. Too little of these neurotransmitters however can result in lack of emotion and motivation which mirror the ‘negative’ symptoms of the disorder. Another type of cell affected by schizophrenia is the pyramidal cell in the prefrontal cortex, or the forehead area of the brain. These cells, which are a type of neuron that serve primarily as excitation units in the prefrontal cortex, are shown to have a decrease in basilar dendrite numbers. These basilar dendrites arise from the base of the pyramidal cell’s soma, and with a decrease in their numbers it can indicate a shortened synaptic surface area resulting in possible fallacious thought processing (Broadbelt, Byne, &ump; Jo nes, 2002). Pyramidal cells in the hippocampus are also known to be affected by the disorder can and cause many of the cells in that area to be thrown into disarray, causing cognitive malfunctions. The treatment of this disorder can vary greatly depending on the person; however dopamine inhibiting antipsychotics are a very popular remedy. Although prevalent, these  medications are not perfect and many scientists claim there is still no concrete connection that schizophrenia is exclusively a result of faulty dopaminergic transmissions (Neale &ump; Oltmanns, 1980). It has also been noted that many of the dopamine inhibiting drugs serve only to combat the positive symptoms and leave many of the negative symptoms such as emotional absence unaffected. Another treatment that is still widely used, but much less common is electroconvulsive therapy or shock therapy. This treatment is still very controversial but there has been success in treating schizophrenia symptoms completely, although many patients relapse within six months. Studies have also indicated that although this treatment can be effective there are risks of permanent brain damage. According to Dr. Peter Breggin (2008), a psychiatrist at the State University of New York, shock therapy in animal testing showed statistically significant brain structural abnormalities when compared to animals without it. His study showed the electrical shocks caused changes in the nerve cell walls causing gliosis, or a profound increase in the number of astrocytes in impaired areas of the central nervous system (Breggin, 2008). In conclusion, schizophrenia is unique disorder that affects the brain in many ways, yet manifests itself differently from person to person. As there is no tangible rubric for how the disorder will impact the person, it can be a difficult illness to treat. Its effects on the brain, from enlarged ventricles to a decline in dendrite spines, shows the major impact the illness can have on living a normal life. Although the disorder afflicts just over fifty-eight million people worldwide it is still devastating to those who are affected and while the medical community makes leaps and bounds in understanding the disease, a cure is still far from the horizon. With psychology grant money from universities being invested predominantly in neuropsychology, perhaps sometime in the near future scientists will be able to fully understand this illness and find a successful and permanent cure for it.